How is Contempt of Court Used in California Divorce Cases?

September 25, 2017 Judy L. Burger Leave a comment

All courts have an undeniable interest in ensuring that their orders and procedures are respected and followed. This holds true in California’s family courts, as well. Violations of a court’s order to do—or not to do—something, is known as contempt of court. In California divorce cases, contempt of court has special consequences. It may be enforced by the court on its own motion or can be brought to the court’s attention by the parties to an action.

The punishment for contempt of court in a California divorce case is specific. When an individual is found guilty of contempt of court, he or she may be fined up to $1,000, imprisoned for up to 5 days, or both, per charge. If found guilty of contempt, the contemnor may additionally be ordered to pay the reasonable attorney’s fees and costs of the individual who initiated the contempt proceedings.

Some special provisions that apply to contempt of court in divorce proceedings include California Code of Civil Procedure § 1218.5(a), which reads as follows:

If the contempt alleged is for failure to pay child, family, or spousal support, each month for which payment has not been made in full may be alleged as a separate count of contempt and punishment imposed for each count proven.

Thus, pursuant to California law, there can be multiple counts of contempt charged for a repeated failure to pay child or spousal support in the Golden State. The statute of limitations for bringing such proceedings is three years from the date the payment is due. For the enforcement of any other order relating to family law matters, the statute of limitations is two years.

For each count of contempt, the punishment depends upon whether it is for the failure to pay an ordered support or for a violation of a provision of the divorce order. If there is a finding of contempt for failure to comply with a divorce order, the person who is found to be in contempt cannot then enforce the divorce decree against the other party, except as to the child, family, or spousal support.

In the case of contempt for a failure to pay court-ordered support, the punishment depends on whether it is a repeat occurrence. For the first finding of contempt, the court will order the violator to perform 120 hours of community service or spend up to 120 imprisoned. For the second offense, the penalty is community service and imprisonment for 120 hours each. For the third offense, the penalty is 240 hours of community service, 240 hours of imprisonment, and an administrative fee for the administration and supervision of punishment. These penalties, as noted above, can be cumulative, and added for each offence.

Contempt of court in California divorce cases is specific to the type of offense and whether it has occurred previously. If you or someone you know is involved in a divorce proceeding and there is a failure to follow the orders of the court, a contempt order is your next step for addressing this failure. The attorneys at the Law Offices of Judy L. Burger are experienced in contempt issues in family court cases. Call today to see how we can help you: (415) 293-8314.

How Can Facebook Affect Your Divorce Case?

September 18, 2017 Judy L. Burger Leave a comment

Facebook is used by billions of people worldwide, with over 1.94 billion active monthly Facebook users. Its use is ubiquitous. People enjoy Facebook with their morning coffee, to get past the mid-week hump, and to pass the time and share the fun on their Friday nights. And many people using Facebook forget that they are not always aware of who their audience might be.

Facebook can be a great source of information regarding a lawyer’s own client, as well as his or her opposing client. Many people post activities on Facebook that they want to show as fun—but that can be a serious pitfall in a divorce proceeding.

In addition, by checking a person’s Facebook page, a lawyer is sometimes able to determine the user’s location, which can be helpful if the person has been evading service of process.

Other potential uses include important information about a person’s leisure activities. If child custody or visitation is an issue—since the standard a court uses to make decisions about children is what is in the “best interest” of the child—pictures and posts that demonstrate a propensity for drugs, alcohol, or promiscuity can paint a picture that allows the court to protect the child, despite contradictory testimony. Likewise, if a person is claiming financial hardship, pictures showing a lavish vacation or shopping activity could be presented to contravene that person’s in-court statements.

Divorce cases can be challenging for everyone involved. This is especially true when one party (or the other) forgets about the often public nature of Facebook and other social media posts. Remember that Facebook absolutely can affect your divorce case, allowing a judge potential insight into issues you may wish to avoid in court.

If you need assistance in a family law proceeding, you should consult with an experienced California lawyer. The attorneys at the Law Offices of Judy L. Burger will provide authoritative legal support tailored to your specific situation. Make the call today to learn how our attorneys can help: (415) 293-8314.

Legal Separation

Pros and Cons of Default Judgment in Divorce

September 11, 2017 Judy L. Burger Leave a comment

When a relationship does not stand the test of time, the people who once were a couple need to become individuals again. In California, this can sometimes be accomplished through the use of a default judgment for divorce. In a default judgment, one partner completes paperwork to have the court enter a divorce judgment and the other individual does not contest the divorce. In this type of default, the parties agree on the settlement provisions. As a result, the court is able to simply enter a default judgment.

A default judgment is sometimes the simplest and easiest method of having a divorce completed. It is usually less costly than litigation. However, there are both pros and cons to this method of ending a marriage.

Sometimes the people who are divorcing decide that having a default judgment is the method they want to use for divorcing, so they agree beforehand on how they want the divorce to be structured and bring that in for the entry of judgment. This allows them to have the ease of a default judgment and still ensure that their collective property is separated in the method they prefer.

However, there are many potential cons in using a default judgment in a divorce case, and using this method is not always appropriate. A default judgment should not be used if the parties are not in agreement about the distribution of the marital estate, if there is a situation of abuse of one partner by the other, or if the parties do not have a full understanding of the legal implications of the divorce. It is important for both parties to also understand that the party who is not initiating the divorce, also known as the respondent, is giving up his or her right to contest the court’s decision if no response is made.

Perhaps most important, however, is that failing to obtain the advice of an experienced California divorce attorney can result in giving up rights that a spouse may not even know he or she has, all in the name of “getting along.”

If you want to learn more about whether a default divorce might compromise your future, or that of your children, contact the attorneys at the Law Offices of Judy L. Burger. We can help. Call us today to make an appointment: (415) 293-8314.

Child Support

What Are Valid Reasons for a California Family Court to Deviate from the Child Support Guideline Amount?

September 4, 2017 Judy L. Burger Leave a comment

According to Section 4057(a) of the California Family Code, child support is initially determined using a complicated formula that looks like this: CS = K (HN – (H%) (TN)). This formula takes into account several factors, include the parents’ income, the amount of the higher net earner’s net monthly disposable income, the parents’ time-share agreement, and the parents’ total combined monthly disposable income. By law, the result of applying this formula is “presumed to be the correct amount of child support to be ordered.”

However, there are certain special circumstances in which such stringent mechanical calculation of child support may neither be reasonable, or fair. These are special circumstances in which may a California family court deviate from the child support guideline amount. In fact, deviation is only allowed when permitted by law:

Both parties seem to have agreed to a different amount;
Selling the family home has been legally deferred and the home’s rental value is more than the mortgage payments, homeowner’s insurance, and property taxes;
The parent charged with paying child support “has an extraordinarily high income” and the amount calculated far exceeds the amount that would be actually be required to raise the child;
A parent’s contributions to a child’s care are not commensurate with that parent’s custodial time with that child; and
Special circumstances exist relating to time-share or special medical needs.

In all these cases, the family law courts must look at admissible evidence that succeeds in making a case as to why the guideline amount is inappropriate or unjust. Even then, the court must record the reasons for its decision in the case record whenever it deviates from the statewide uniform guideline formula amount. This includes describing why deviating from the guidelines is in the best interest of the children.

Arguing that the child support guideline amount should (or should not) be overridden takes skill and deep legal knowledge. If you’re in this position, it is in your best interest to consult with a knowledgeable California divorce attorney. The attorneys at the Law Offices of Judy L. Burger will make sure you successfully navigate California child support law. Make the call today to learn how our attorneys can help: (415) 293-8314.

Child Support

What Mandatory and Discretionary Add-Ons Are There for California Child Support?

August 28, 2017 Judy L. Burger Leave a comment

Most of the time, a noncustodial parent is responsible for child support because daily child care and expenses are vested in the custodial parent. This, however, is not a hard-and-fast rule.

The determination of child support in California is based on a complex calculation that takes into account the parents’ incomes, the time spent by each parent with the child, the standard of living for the child, the custodial arrangements, and each parents’ tax deductions.

The state-wide formula is applied for determining child support in California. Courts and family law attorneys customarily use this method to arrive at an appropriate number to be paid as child support. However, sometimes additional benefits over and above the “base rule” are made. This is done by providing for what are known as mandatory and discretionary “add-ons.”

The additional mandatory add-ons under California Family Law Code § 4062 typically include child care costs related to training for employment skills or requiring education to secure employment, as well as all reasonable healthcare costs for the child that are not covered by insurance, such as co-pays, prescription drugs, vision care, dental care, and orthodontic care.

Under the very same legislation, discretionary child support may also be granted, keeping in mind specific educational costs (such as those required to facilitate extra-curricular and recreational activities) and other special needs of the child, as well as travel expenses incurred during visitations.

Usually, both parents are responsible for sharing the mandatory and discretionary add-ons equally; however, in cases of a stark income gap between the two parents, the higher earning parent may be held responsible for greater obligations. This is calculated separately in accordance with Family Code § 4061(b).

There are rarely any changes made to the child support amount—not even when one of the parents re-marries.

Child support cases are not easy to understand and analyze. A trusted, experienced family law attorney can make a significant difference in how you deal with this intimately personal crisis.

The attorneys at the Law Offices of Judy L. Burger are experienced in child support matters. Call today to see how we can help you: (415) 293-8314.

Child Support

What Deductions Are Made from Gross Income for Child Support Purposes?

August 21, 2017 Judy L. Burger Leave a comment

Child support is a vital decision in family law matters. A court examines the income of both parents when determining child support payments.

Income considered will be each parent’s annual gross income; however, some items and expenses can be subtracted for the purpose of calculating child support. California Family Code § 4059 lists these possible deductions.

For instance, income tax liability is deducted from annual gross income. This does not mean that taxes withheld from a parent’s paycheck will be deducted. The income tax liability is the tax an individual is responsible for paying to the IRS or the state after completing his or her annual tax return filings.

Although income tax withheld from one’s paycheck is not deductible from annual gross income, Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) withholdings are deducted.

Other work-related expenses may be deducted from annual gross income for the purpose of determining child support. When this happens, work-related expenses are reviewed to make sure that the expenses were truly necessary or required. Such deductions can include mandatory union dues, mandatory retirement benefits, and/or health insurance premiums (including health insurance premiums for any children that the parent is required to insure).

If a parent is responsible for a child or children of a previous relationship, any child support payments that are made on behalf of that child may be deducted from the parent’s annual gross income, as well. It is important to note that only payments actually made can be deducted. Child support payments may have been ordered but not actually paid—if this is the case, that amount will not be considered deductible from income.

In some cases, a parent can request a deduction for a hardship. If the court determines that a hardship is applicable, the approved calculated amount of the hardship is deducted from that parent’s annual gross income.

Child Support

What Is Included in Income for the Purpose of California Child Support?

August 14, 2017 Judy L. Burger Leave a comment

The state of California takes into consideration the income of both parents when determining child support payments. Sources of income will vary from person to person.

Section 4058 of the California Family Code provides that annual gross income can come from a combination of “commissions, salaries, royalties, wages, bonuses, rents, dividends, pensions, interest, trust income, annuities, workers’ compensation benefits, unemployment insurance benefits, disability insurance benefits, social security benefits, and spousal support actually received from a person not a party to the proceeding.”

Other sources of income will include that from a business owned by the individual after subtracting the expenses of the business from the revenue. A court may also consider employee benefits or self-employment benefits as part of a parent’s annual gross income if those benefits come in exchange for—or at the expense of—potential income for the receipt of those benefits.

There is income that is not taken into consideration for the determination of child support, as well. Child support received to benefit children from a previous relationship is not considered income for determining support for the child(ren) of the current relationship. Other items that are not considered include public assistance benefits received based on need.

Sometimes, a parent will attempt to avoid being ordered to pay child support by quitting his or her job or taking a lower-paying position or an intentional pay cut. When a parent takes these steps to avoid paying child support, the court may take into consideration the income of that parent’s new spouse or even a new partner to whom the person is not married.

A court may also hold such a parent accountable by evaluating that parent’s income potential. The court can look at how much income that parent could have made. This is known as imputing income.

If you want to learn more about child support matters in California, contact the attorneys at the Law Offices of Judy L. Burger. We can help. Call us today to make an appointment: (415) 293-8314.

Domestic Violence

How Do Domestic Violence Restraining Orders Work in California?

August 7, 2017 Judy L. Burger Leave a comment

A domestic violence restraining order is a civil order entered by the court directing an abuser to stop harassing or abusing the victim. The type of abuse that may be the basis for the entry of a restraining order includes the following:

causing or attempting to cause the victim physical injury;
making the victim fear he or she or another person is in immediate danger of being harmed;
threatening or harassing the victim, in person or through other means;
stalking the victim;
destroying the victim’s personal property; or
disturbing the peace of the victim.

For the court to enter a domestic violence restraining order, the abuser must be related to the victim in one of the following ways:

a spouse or former spouse;
a person the victim is dating or has dated;
a lover;
the other parent of your child;
anyone closely related to the victim by blood, marriage, or adoption; or
a person who regularly lives in the victim’s home.

A domestic violence restraining order may provide protection for the victim’s children as well as the victim. Such a restraining order can also include other orders besides a command to stop the abuse. For example, a domestic violence restraining order may include an order regarding spousal support, custody, child support, or parenting time; granting the victim possession of a pet; removing the abuser from a home shared with the victim; or prohibiting the abuser from possessing a firearm.

A victim seeking a domestic violence restraining order must file an application with the court. The application includes a Domestic Violence Date of Birth Verification (Form FL/E-LP-640), a Notice of Court Hearing (Form DV 109), a Request for Domestic Violence Restraining Order (Form DV-100 and FL/E-LP-613), a Description of Abuse (Form DV-101), and a Temporary Restraining Order (DV-110). Additional forms must be filed if the victim is also seeking an order regarding spousal support, child support, child custody, or visitation.

If the victim is in immediate danger, the court may issue a temporary restraining order after processing the application but before holding a hearing. Regardless, the court will set a hearing, and the victim must have the abuser served with the Notice of Hearing. Service of the Notice of Hearing is usually done through the sheriff’s department of the county where the abuser lives.

The victim may bring a support person to the restraining order hearing, even if the victim also has an attorney. If evidence at the hearing shows the existence of past or present abuse of the victim by the abuser, then the court will issue a domestic violence restraining order. A domestic violence restraining order can last up to five years but lasts only three years if no termination date is stated. During the last three months of a restraining order, the victim can ask the court to extend the restraining order for another five years or permanently.

If you or a loved one has been or is a victim of abuse, consult an experienced attorney experienced in domestic violence law to help you get a domestic violence restraining order. The Law Offices of Judy L. Burger can help you get the protection you need. Call today to see how we can help you: (415) 293-8314.

Child Support

When Does a Child Support Obligation Stop?

July 31, 2017 Judy L. Burger Leave a comment

It’s important that both parents have clear expectations about the amount and payment of child support, and that includes when the duty to pay stops. Termination of child support is governed by state law. For that reason, it’s important to know what California law says on the subject.

The general rule is that the duty to pay child support ends when a child turns 18, the age of majority in California. However, there are many exceptions to this rule.

Perhaps the most notable exception applies when a child is 18 but is still attending high school and living with one of his or her parents. When this happens, child support must be paid until either the child turns 19 or the child graduates, whichever happens earlier. Cal. Fam. Code § 3901.

Other exceptions to the general rule apply when a child gets married, enters into a valid domestic partnership, joins the military, or becomes legally emancipated. In addition, a child support obligation ends when the child dies.

As you might expect, a parent has the power to agree to continue to pay child support even after he or she is no longer legally required to do so.

In some cases, the duty to pay child support may continue well into or throughout adulthood. In California, parents “have an equal responsibility to maintain, to the extent of their ability, a child of whatever age who is incapacitated from earning a living and without sufficient means.” In other words, if a child cannot be financially self-sufficient due to some physical or mental incapacitation, the parents must continue to support him or her if they are able to do so.

It’s important to know that California is not one of the states that requires the payment of child support throughout college. This is sometimes known as “college support.”

The best course of action as child support termination approaches is consultation with a knowledgeable California divorce attorney. The attorneys at the Law Offices of Judy L. Burger will make sure you successfully navigate the laws that apply in this area. Make the call today to learn how our attorneys can help: (415) 293-8314.

Child Support

Modification of Child Support in California

July 24, 2017 Judy L. Burger Leave a comment

Many parents are disheartened by the final child support order entered in their divorce, legal separation, or parentage case. Payers often feel that they have been ordered to pay too much, beyond their means; payees, on the other hand, frequently believe they have been shortchanged.

Most of the time, it is difficult to change the amount of support, either upward or downward. In fact, the simplest circumstance is the rare occasion on which a judge ordered less than the amount found by the guideline. In such a case, the amount can be changed without any legal showing at all.

The second simplest way to change the support amount is when the parents agree to change the amount and a judge is willing to sign an order approving the requested change. Of course, the parties rarely agree on an appropriate amount of support.

Aside from these two methods, it can be difficult to change the amount of child support. However, three methods are available: reconsideration, appeal, and modification.

Both a motion for reconsideration and an appeal have strict legal time frames within which they may be requested. Experienced California family lawyers are very familiar with the applicable time frames and mandatory procedures; if your final order is brand new or relatively so, hiring an experienced family lawyer is your best bet for changing the amount through reconsideration or appeal.

The third way the child support amount may be changed is through a motion for modification. For a modification to be granted, it must be based on a significant change in circumstances since the time the final order was entered. Again, a skilled family lawyer understands the legal standard that applies to modification requests and the type of evidence that may be used to support such a request.

Here are some examples of circumstances that may warrant a modification of a California final child support order:

Significant promotions or demotions;
Changes in jobs or loss of a job;
Lengthy prison or jail time;
Major changes in the parents’ time-share arrangement;
Major illness or disease of a parent or a child; and
Military activation or deployment.

The most important thing to remember is that unless and until a new support order is entered, the amount stays the same. In addition, it’s important that you ask for a modification right away. Most of the time, the amount will not be changed retroactively to a date before the modification request was filed.

If circumstances have changed since your child support order was entered and you want to pursue a change, consult a qualified family lawyer to discuss your best options. The attorneys at the Law Offices of Judy L. Burger are experienced in difficult divorce proceedings, including disagreements about child support. Call today to see how we can help you: (415) 293-8314.